Innovation often seems sudden, but real change unfolds gradually. Many breakthroughs emerge by exploring what’s possible from where we already stand. The theory of the adjacent possible shows how new ideas grow by moving into spaces just beyond the current edge.
In a world constantly shaped by innovation, evolution, and creativity, the theory of the adjacent possible offers a powerful lens for understanding how new ideas emerge and how change unfolds—not as sudden leaps into the unknown, but as incremental explorations into nearby possibilities.
Initially introduced by theoretical biologist Stuart Kauffman and later popularized in innovation and cultural theory by thinkers such as Steven Johnson, the “adjacent possible” maps out the space of what could happen next, given the current conditions of a system, whether that system is biological, technological, social, or cultural.
What Is the Adjacent Possible?
Imagine you’re standing in a room with several doors. Each door leads to a new room, and each new room has more doors. You can only move into rooms directly connected to where you are, not into a room several steps away that you can’t yet reach. Those next-door rooms are your adjacent possible.
At any given moment, a system has a limited number of real options for what it can become next. But every time a new option is explored, the space of future possibilities expands. The adjacent possible is a kind of evolving frontier—the shadow future, as Steven Johnson puts it, that hovers just beyond the present.
Why It Matters
The adjacent possible challenges the myth of radical, isolated breakthroughs. Instead, it emphasizes that:
- Innovation is cumulative: Big changes result from many small steps.
- Creativity is constrained, but dynamic: You can’t jump to the wildly new; you have to build from what exists.
- Possibility is not fixed: It expands with every step taken.
This framework helps think about how anything, from a business to a scientific theory to an artwork, develops over time. Let’s look at some concrete examples.
The Adjacent Possible in Action
1. Business & Innovation
Airbnb didn’t invent short-term stays or online platforms—those elements were already in place. But it stepped into a new adjacent possibility by combining them in a way no one had tried before: letting ordinary people rent their homes to strangers.
As user trust, payment systems, and mobile technology advanced, more adjacent possibilities opened: entire home listings, business travel options, curated experiences, and premium tiers like Airbnb Luxe.
Lesson: True innovation often comes from reconfiguring what’s already nearby, rather than inventing something entirely new.
2. Science & Technology
The development of CRISPR gene editing was not a lightning bolt. It became possible only after a chain of scientific discoveries, including the discovery of the DNA structure, bacterial immune systems, and molecular biology tools, each of which opened up new avenues of inquiry.
By the time CRISPR arrived, the system was primed for it.
Lesson: Scientific progress unfolds by stepping into adjacent knowledge spaces, building on prior understandings.
3. Culture & Society
Social shifts like the legalization of same-sex marriage illustrate the adjacent possible in action. This milestone followed decades of civil rights activism, policy reform, changing media narratives, and evolving public sentiment.
Each prior step made the next one more thinkable—and eventually, more doable.
Lesson: Social change is not sudden—it’s a path-dependent exploration of newly viable futures.
Strategic Use of the Adjacent Possible
Understanding this concept isn’t just intellectually satisfying—it’s practically powerful:
- In leadership: Encourage your teams to look for what’s one step beyond today’s norm, rather than chasing moonshots that aren’t yet viable.
- In foresight: Use it to map plausible futures by identifying the near-term innovations that could unlock longer-term transformation.
- In design and creativity: Embrace constraints as tools that define where the next big idea might lie.
Every time we take a step into the adjacent possible, we expand the universe of what can be done next.
Connecting to the Vector Theory of Change
The adjacent possible reveals the expanding edges of what can be created next; the Vector Theory of Change gives shape to our journey through that space. By orienting around a flexible vector, rather than a fixed endpoint, we harness momentum to move steadily into new opportunities.
This approach encourages a series of small, safe-to-fail experiments that test emerging ideas just beyond today’s frontier. Each step not only validates which paths deepen our trajectory but also enlarges the adjacent possible itself, feeding back fresh options for exploration.
The "Adjacent Possible" – and How It Explains Human Innovation | Stuart KauffmanUnderstanding the adjacent possible helps us make better decisions about where to focus our efforts. Instead of chasing distant goals, we can look for the next steps that build real progress. By moving steadily into nearby possibilities, we open new paths for innovation, growth, and meaningful change.
Resources
- Book: The Origins of Order by Stuart Kauffman
- Article: What Is the Adjacent Possible?
- Article: Two Davids and the Adjacent Possible
- Blog Post: The Adjacent Possibility of People
- Article: Adjacent Possible (Research Paper)
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