The Enigma of Reason: A New Theory of Human Understanding by Dan Sperber and Hugo Mercier (2018)

In this book, The Enigma of Reason, Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber argue that reason is not geared to solitary use, to arriving at better beliefs and decisions on our own.

Reason, we are told, is what makes us human, the source of our knowledge and wisdom. If reason is so valuable, why didn't it also evolve in other animals? If reason is that reliable, why do we produce so much thoroughly reasoned nonsense?

Instead, what reason does is to help us justify our beliefs and actions to others, convince them through argumentation, and evaluate the justifications and arguments that others address to us. In other words, reason helps humans better exploit their uniquely rich social environment. This interactionist interpretation explains why reason may have evolved and how it fits with other cognitive mechanisms.

It makes sense of strengths and weaknesses that have long puzzled philosophers and psychologists — why reason is biased in favor of what we already believe, why it may lead to terrible ideas, and yet is indispensable to spreading good ones.

 
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•  The Argumentative Theory of Human Reason We did not evolve to reason individually but to reason socially